TERJEMAHAN KERANGKA TEORI
Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2019). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi. Terengganu: Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT)
NOR FATIN ADLINA BINTI MOHD SALLEH
192777
BROWN
& YULE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY (1983)
Brown & Yule have listed four
elements of the discourse. These elements include pre-assumptions,
implications, references and inferences. Brown & Yule (1983) also stated
that discourse can be analysed through text, writing, speech and interaction
studies.
Presupposition
Presupposition is pragmatic. This presupposition
has been selected based on assumptions and assumptions about what the listener
can expect without any obstacles.
Implication
Implicit is the view or the
possibility. The suggestions or meanings of the speakers / writers are
different from what they say. Implications are in the form of conventional
implications. Speakers / authors do not state that certain images are due to
other features.
Reference
Speakers negotiate using appropriate
expressions and combine them with negotiation expressions. Referrals are
something that someone does using expressions.
Inference
The inference indicates an attempt to
draw conclusions. In addition, inference describes words or relationships
between relations of words. Various assumptions have been made in several
assumptions and conclusions.
STUBBS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS THEORY (1983)
1. The linguistic approach to discourse
2. Predictability
3. Phonotactic
4. Grammar
5. Intuitive about the order of
discourse
6. Predictability
7. Predictability and idealisation
8. Structure control means
9.
Canocical control and idealization
10. Analogy
11. Conclusion
THEORY OF
CRITICAL DISCOURCE ANALYSIS (VANDIJK,
1977)
Macro
Structure
The
global meaning of a text that is observable
from
the topic / theme of a text
|
Superstructure
The
outline of a text such as the introduction,
content,
conclusion and conclusion
|
Micro
Structure
The
local meaning of an observable text
Instead
of the choice of words, sentences and styles used in a text
|
Figure 1: Theory of Critical Discource
Analysis by vanDijk (1977)
Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
|
||
Textual
Analysis
|
Practical
Discourse Analysis
|
Practical
Social Analysis
|
Grammar
·
Theme
|
Intertextuality
·
Presupposition
·
Metadiscourse
·
Disclaimer
|
Ekonomi
Education
Politic
|
Lexical
·
Metaphore
|
Interdiscussion
·
Narrative
·
Debate
·
Expository
·
Expressive
|
|
Cohesion
·
Repetition
·
Conjunctions
|
Figure 2: Critical Discourse Analysis
Theory by Fairclough (1995)
Tannen (1987) principles of decency in
discourse are as follows:
1. Formal expression (positive and
negative imej)
2. Decency strategy
3. Strategy choice (directness and
indirectness)
4. Silent (metamessage)
Decency strategy
|
|
Bald on-record
Example:
Ready!
Listen here…
Give me the big basket.
The lamp is green.
Please welcome.
Please eat.
|
Positive
Decency
Example:
You look gloom. May I help you?
Can
I borrow about one hundred ringgit?
I
follow you to the hospital if you want.
|
Negative
Decency
Maybe he/she take the boxes, maybe!
Please give me the white plate.
Well, a little instruction is no needed?
Throw the blank bottle anywhere is not allowed.
|
Off-record
Wow,
this room becoming so cold.
The
shoes are very expensive here.
Your
cloth is beautiful.
|
Figure 3: Decency strategy by Brown
& Levinson (1987)
Johnstone (2002) said that the
discourse approach is divided into several sections.
1. Words and lines
2. Paragraphs and episodes
3. Schematic discourse and narrative
structure
4. The order of the conversation
5. Words organisation
6. Cohesion
7. Structure and rules
Discourse Analysis Approach
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
|
||||
Presupposition
1.
Intuision
2.
Context
·
Acceptance/
Denial
·
Requirements
·
Reference
·
Anaphore
·
Repetition
·
Ambiguity
·
Affirmation
|
Emotion
1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Mixed Emotions
·
Temperament
·
Personality
·
Mood
·
Motivation
|
Values
and Culture
1.
Self
2.
Community
3.
Tradition
·
Honesty,
sincerity, kindness, love, crafts, gratitude, simplicity
·
Self-reliant,
high level of courage, courage, physical and mental hygiene, integrity
·
Respect,
cooperation, community spirit
·
Justice,
freedom, rationality
|
Language
1. First language/second/third
2. Formal / Non-formal
3. Language mistake
4. Linguistic
|
Inference
1. Overall summary
2. Summary of discussion topics
3. Closing words
|
Figure
4: Discourse Analysis
Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
THEORY OF
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (Normaliza
Abd Rahim, 2018d)
THEORY OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
|
||
Content
1.
Theme
|
Context
1.
Grammar
2.
Background
3.
Emotion
|
Assumption
1.
Opinion
2.
Reference
3.
Question
|
Figure 5: Theory of Discourse Analysis
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